In contrast, no association between TT and age was evident in our cohort on univariate analysis and there are several possible explanations for this finding. The LH level gives a partial guide to the cause of the lower testosterone as an increase in LH suggests impairment of testicular function whereas a lack of elevation of LH in the setting of a low testosterone implies a failure at the hypothalamus/pituitary level. While SHBG was the major determinant of TT, the inclusion of SHBG in the model of TT did not alter the independent contribution of WC or the further independent contribution of Ht when added to WC. Adjusting for Ht was considered in this analysis because a number of epidemiological studies have suggested that WHt ratio is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk factors19, 41 and cardiovascular risk20, 42 than either BMI or WC. The magnitude of this relationship between increasing BMI and decreasing TT is similar to that described in the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study.29
Combining Ht with WC in a model of cFT resulted in an increase in the magnitude of the partial correlation coefficients of both WC (inverse) and Ht (positive) and the contributions of both WC and Ht were significant. Age was a significant positive correlate of SHBG independent of anthropometric measures, and BMI and WC were both independent inverse correlates of SHBG when individually included with age. SHBG was inversely correlated with BMI, WC and WHt ratio, with WC having the highest r value.
Furthermore, the relationship between obesity and TD has been demonstrated to be bidirectional, creating a detrimental cycle 14, 15. The mean age of study participants was 46.74 ± 0.35 years with a TD prevalence of 25.54%. Testosterone deficiency (TD) and obesity are globally recognized health concerns, with a bidirectional causal relationship between them. In addition, the diagnosis of testosterone deficiency was solely determined by the total testosterone level, and the symptoms and signs of testosterone deficiency were not considered for such information was not provided in the NHANES database. There might also be some unmeasured confounders contributing to the inconsistent results between different subgroups regarding the eGFR and hypertension status, and more studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to further clarify the relationship between the WWI and testosterone deficiency in these two subgroups.
Common comorbidities of male obesity include hypogonadism (low testosterone levels and accompanying signs and symptoms) 43, 44. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study to investigate the relationship between WWI and total testosterone level as well as risk of TD using nationally representative data. We also employed stratified multivariate regression analyses to conduct a subgroup analysis, aiming to explore the relationships of WWI with total testosterone level and TD in specific subgroups. Total testosterone levels were measured using isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC–MS/MS) at a single time point in the morning following an overnight fast, based on the National Institute for Standards and Technology’s (NIST) reference method. WWI has shown a strong positive correlation with total body fat percentage, total abdominal fat area, and visceral fat area, while displaying a negative correlation with appendicular skeletal muscle mass and appendicular lean mass 28–30.
The model of cFT with age and WC had a slightly higher adjusted r2 than the model with age and BMI. BMI and WC both remained independent inverse predictors of cFT when individually combined with age, whereas height was no longer significant (result not shown). A series of multivariate models of cFT which investigated the effects of adding age to BMI and WC and Ht and the combination of age and Ht to WC are also shown in Table 3. The variability of SHBG explained by the model including age and WC was slightly more than the model including age and BMI (12% versus 9%). A series of multivariate models of SHBG which investigated the contribution of age with BMI and WC, and also the addition of Ht to WC with and without the inclusion of age, are shown in Table 2.
Women and people assigned female at birth also produce testosterone. Men aren't the only ones who may benefit from testosterone boosters. When it rises, testosterone falls.
Decompensated OSAS was defined as Apnea/Hypopnea Index (AHI) in newly diagnosed, or Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODI) in treated patients, above 30 events/hour. Generally, that means less soda and calorie-dense foods and more fat-burning exercise. Beer, in moderation, can still be present in your diet. It’s also possible that weight gain in the belly may itself be a symptom of something unrelated to your diet and exercise routine. Be wary of fad diets and weight loss pills that promise rapid results.

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